Введение
Артериальная гипертензия (АГ) является одним из наиболее распространенных заболеваний, сохраняющим свое значение в качестве важнейшего фактора риска возникновения неблагоприятных кардиоваскулярных клинических исходов, в том числе смертности и инвалидизации, в общей популяции (Hajjar I., Kotchen T.A., 2003; Ong K.L. et al., 2007; Rosamond W. et al., 2008). Предполагается, что к 2025 г. у >1,5 млрд жителей земного шара будет АГ (Kearney P.M. et al., 2005). Результаты многочисленных обсервационных исследований свидетельствуют, что смертность от основных осложнений АГ — ишемической болезни сердца и мозгового инсульта в когорте лиц 40–89-летнего возраста повышается пропорционального уровню систолического (САД) и диастолического (ДАД) артериального давления (АД) (Lewington S. et al., 2002). При этом повышение на каждые 20 мм рт. ст. САД и 10 мм рт. ст. ДАД выше уровня 115/75 мм рт. ст. ассоциируется с удвоением смертности от этих заболеваний. Современная стратегия профилактики и лечения АГ исходит из представления о примате адекватного контроля над величиной офисного и суточного АД в реверсии рисков возникновения кардиоваскулярных событий, как фатальных, так и не фатальных (Whitworth J.A. et al., 2003; Mancia G. et al., 2007), а также снижения вероятности манифестации впервые выявленного сахарного диабета (Turnbull F. et al., 2003; Kearney P.M. et al., 2005). При этом большое значение придается не только сохранению физиологического профиля АД (Muller J.E. et al., 1985), но и реверсии поражений органов- мишеней (Cohen M.C. et al., 1997). Последнее обстоятельство не может быть рассмотрено вне достижения эффективного контроля АГ, что невозможно без достаточной приверженности пациента к лечению (Chobanian A.V. et al., 2003; Mancia G. et al., 2007). Именно высокий антигипертензивный потенциал в сочетании с близкой к идеальной переносимостью и отличают класс антагонистов рецепторов к ангиотензину II (АРА) от других представителей лекарственных средств, находящих свое применение в лечении АГ. Настоящий обзор посвящен клинической эффективности и безопасности нового АРА олмесартана у пациентов с АГ.
Значение ренин-ангиотензиновой системы (РАС) в модуляции сердечно-сосудистого риска
Установлено, что РАС играет одну из ведущих ролей в поддержании водно- солевого равновесия и сосудистого тонуса (Timmermans P.B. et al., 1993). Кроме того, РАС непосредственно участвует в процессах роста и дифференцировки тканей, модуляции процессов воспаления и апоптоза, а также стимуляции синтеза и секреции целого ряда нейрогуморальных субстанций. Основным кондуктором, обеспечивающим практически все известные влияния РАС, является ангиотензин II, который реализует свои тонические влияния посредством стимуляции специфических рецепторов. Номенклатура, локализация и основные эффекты, опосредованные активацией рецепторов к ангиотензину II, суммированы в табл. 1.
Установлено, что активация АТ1– и АТ2– рецепторов приводит к противоположным результатам. АТ1– рецепторы обусловливают вазоконстрикторный эффект, стимулирует освобождение вазопрессина, альдостерона, эндотелина, норадреналина, кортикотропин-рилизинг-фактора. В исследованиях in vitro и in vivo установлено, что ангиотензин II способствует накоплению коллагенового матрикса, продукции цитокинов, адгезивных молекул, активации внутриклеточной сигнальной системы (multiple intracellular signaling cascades), посредством стимуляции киназы митоген- активирующего протеина (mitogen-activated protein/MAP), киназы тирозина и различных факторов транскрипции (Morsing P. et al., 1999). Физиологическая роль АТ2– рецепторов представлена в табл. 2.
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Клінічна ефективність та безпека застосування олмесартану — нового антагоніста рецепторів до ангіотензину II — у пацієнтів з артеріальною гіпертензією
Резюме. Огляд присвячено застосуванню нового антагоніста рецепторів до ангіотензину II олмесартану в програмах лікування артеріальної гіпертензії. Обговорюються питання антигіпертензивної ефективності, безпеки і переносимості олмесартану, а також його потенційні органопротекторні властивості. Проводиться зіставлення терапевтичного потенціалу олмесартану із іншими антигіпертензивними лікарськими засобами.
Ключові слова:артеріальна гіпертензія, антагоністи рецепторів до ангіотензину II, олмесартан, лікування, клінічні результати
Clinical efficacy and safety of olmesartan — a new angiotensin II receptor antagonist — in patient with arterial hypertension
Summary. Review is dedicated to application of a new angiotensin II receptor antagonist olmesartan in programs of the arterial hypertension treatment. Questions regarding antihypertensive efficacy, safety and tolerability of olmesartan are discussed, as well as its potential organoprotective capacities. Comparison of the therapeutic potential of olmesartan and other antihypertensive drugs is given.
Key words: arterial hypertension, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, olmesartan, treatment, clinical outcomes