The aim: to investigate and evaluate the risks and long-term health consequences in newborns delivered by cesarean section (CS), as well as the specific features of their postnatal adaptation. Materials and methods. A comprehensive analysis of both international and national scientific literature was conducted on the topic of the impact of CS on newborn health and long-term outcomes. The analysis was based on an extensive information search in bibliographic databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, American College of Physicians (ACP), Springer, Acronym Finder, and ACP Journal Club. Results. Studies indicate that infants born via CS are at higher risk of developing transient tachypnea and respiratory distress syndrome compared to those born vaginally. Moreover, the absence of exposure to maternal microbiota during passage through the birth canal may influence the formation of the newborn’s microbiome, which in turn has been associated with an increased risk of asthma and allergic diseases in later life. Long-term consequences of CS also include a heightened risk of developing metabolic and immune disorders. Some studies suggest an association between CS and increased incidence of obesity, type 1 diabetes, and other autoimmune diseases in children. Conclusion. Research into the medical aspects of newborns following CS is crucial for optimizing neonatal care, developing effective strategies to prevent complications, and improving long-term health outcomes in children. Therefore, this topic requires in-depth analysis and scientific justification. While CS is a necessary procedure in certain clinical situations, its increasing use without medical indications raises concerns about potential health risks for newborns. Healthcare professionals should carefully assess the indications for CS, taking into account possible neonatal and long-term health consequences for children.