The influence of psycho-emotional factors on the development of functional disorders of the digestive system in children

Current scientific data on the influence of psychoemotional factors on the development of functional disorders of the digestive system in children are analysed. The psychosomatic approach is based on the interconnection between mental, biological and social factors, which together form the clinical picture of gastroenterological diseases. Particular attention is paid to the role of the brain–gut axis, through which psycho-emotional stress, anxiety and depression affect the motor, secretory and immune functions of the gastrointestinal tract. Dysbiosis, impaired barrier function of the mucous membrane and changes in serotonin regulation are key links in the pathogenesis of functional disorders. The results of foreign and domestic studies confirm that psycho-emotional states significantly correlate with the frequency and severity of symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, functional abdominal pain, constipation, and inflammatory bowel diseases in children. A link has been found between stress, family conflicts, school problems (bullying), and traumatic events and the development or exacerbation of gastrointestinal symptoms. The role of somatisation as a mechanism that transforms emotional experiences into physical complaints, especially in children with anxious-avoidant or asthenic personality types, is considered. Psychometric instruments (SCAS, CASI, STAIC, PHQ-9, GAD-7) are described, which allow for the quantitative assessment of anxiety, depression, and somatisation levels, which is crucial for early diagnosis and risk stratification. The results of clinical observations during martial law are highlighted, confirming that chronic stress exacerbates psychoemotional and somatic symptoms in children with functional gastrointestinal disorders. It is summarised that psycho-emotional factors are not only comorbid conditions but also modifiers of disease progression due to increased visceral sensitivity, changes in microbiota and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The feasibility of integrating psychological interventions (cognitive-behavioural therapy, hypnotherapy, stress management methods) into comprehensive treatment has been substantiated, which will contribute to the personalisation of care and improve the quality of life of children.